The History of Ultrasound in Medicine

Ultrasound refers to sound waves above the human range of hearing, 20,000 or more vibrations per second. Ultrasonic devices are used for measuring distance and detecting objects, but it’s in the realm of medical imaging that most people are familiar with ultrasound. Ultrasonography, or diagnostic sonography, is used to visualize structures inside the human body, from bones to organs, tendons, and blood vessels, as well as the fetus in a pregnant woman.   Ultrasound was developed by Dr. George Ludwig at the Naval Medical Research Institute in the late 1940s. The physicist John Wild is known as the father of medical ultrasound for imaging tissue in 1949. In addition, Dr. Karl Theodore Dussik of Austria published the first paper on medical ultrasonics in 1942, based on his research on transmission ultrasound investigation of the brain; and Professor Ian Donald of Scotland developed practical technology and applications for ultrasound in the 1950s. How It Works   Ultrasound is used in a large array of imaging tools. A transducer gives off the sound waves that are reflected back from organs and tissues, allowing a picture of what is inside the body to be drawn on a screen.   The transducer produces sound waves from 1 to 18 megahertz. The transducer is often used with a conductive gel to enable the sound to be transmitted into the body. The sound waves are reflected by internal structures in the body and hit the transducer in return. These vibrations are then translated by the ultrasound machine and transformed into an image. The depth and strength of the echo determine the size and shapes of the image. Obstetric Ultrasound Ultrasound can be very useful during pregnancy. Ultrasound can determine the gestational age of the fetus, its proper location in the womb, detect ​the fetal heartbeat, determine multiple pregnancies, and can determine the sex of the fetus. While ultrasonic imaging can change temperature and pressure in the body, there is little indication of harm to the fetus or mother through imaging. Nonetheless, American and European medical bodies urge ultrasonic imaging to be performed only when medically necessary.

Analyzing Race and Colorblindness in Academics - 1599 Words

The word diversity is indispensible in college pamphlets. Pictures of multicultural friendships permeate across each page in hopes of providing a mirrored image for prospective students. These pictures suggest a promised safe place for young adults of all backgrounds. However, in the instance of San Jose State University, one could argue their actions differ from the pictured proposal. Their main focus became avoiding liability rather than facilitating a safe environment for ethnic difference. This mentality typically reflects a view that claims acts of active racism and blatant bigotry should take the forefront of discussion while their comprising acts of passive racism are left behind. Campus conversations about race are being silenced†¦show more content†¦Dr. Beverly Tatum discusses this sociological phenomenon as dominate and subordinate groups. In the book â€Å"Why are all the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?† Dr. Tatum cites author Jean Blake Miller who states that dominant social groups â€Å"set the parameters within which the subordinates operate† (23). The dominant group in this situation was comprised of the students who bullied the African American minor. This was evident in the altercation’s clear division of racial groups between the mainly White individuals and one out of two African Americans within the entire housing building. However, in this case, it is imperative to include Asians within the dominant group in an effort to understand the racial atmosphere at San Jose State and many other universities. According to San Jose State’s website statistics, 24% of students are White, 35% are Asian while only 3% are African American (â€Å"Distribution of All Faculty and Students by Gender and Ethnicity Fall 2013†). This number game and lack of representation ensures racial divisions are maintained through the inheritance and abundance of systemic racism. It is apparent that the cycle of perpetuation comes from the normalization of dehumanization and lack of self-evaluation. Individuals in these dominant racial groups often fail to acknowledge their status within them due to their personal discomfort. For example, in one police personalShow MoreRelated Universities Must Continue with the Race-sensitive Admissions Process3209 Words   |  13 PagesNewspaper headlines and public forums demand educational reform with growing frequency. Race-sensitive admissions policies are often at the center of these debates. For example, according to the Los Angeles Times on March 21, 2001, the Los Angeles Community College district trustees are scheduled to vote for a resolution to support the University of California’s move to reinstate affirmative action in its admissions policies. This reinstatement has visible student support as seen in the March 15

Running From Beer Bottles And Rocks Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper Jebadiah Moulton July 29, 2000 MW 800-1000 Essay # 1 Narrative with Description Runing From Beer Bottles and Rocks Americans have several different positions on other states. The people who seem to knock these other civilizations are largely people who haven? t been to these states and have the typical? I? m better than you attitude. ? Merely because our state is one of the top military and political powers in the universe, does non give us the clearance nor warrant us believing we should hold particular favours or unearned regard from the people in their ain lands when we are the interloper. When those disrespectful Americans go to these societies they give our whole state a bad name. Just like Newton? s 2nd jurisprudence, every action has an equal and opposite reaction, the merchandise of our crust is our rudeness thrown right back in our face. The lone ground the locals in far off topographic points that have been so luckless to hold encountered some of our states immature abode continue to digest our presence is largely due to our money and all the useless wooden bowls, chincy necklaces, and other over priced cultural trades that we curiously adequate discovery interesting and will pay top dollar for. This attitude can be highly unsafe shown to the incorrect people. It was Christmas twenty-four hours 1999 in Sigonella, Sicily, all the officers and members of the care crew had the twenty-four hours off to observe and hold a feeling of togetherness since we could non be with our households that twelvemonth. We drank wine most of the twenty-four hours and told? sea narratives? of topographic points we? ve been and what we? ve done. Most of these narratives would non be something you would state to your grandchildren or in some instances even to other crewmans. After the Sun went down, the crowd started to easy go forth their poulet castanetss, empty beer tins and vino spectacless, and full ashtrays for the comfort of their quarters. Some of us younger crewmans who thought we were unbeatable ; Jason, Casey, Cal, and I wanted to see the night life of Sicily. So with the aid of the alcohols we drank, we doltishly decided to travel down to? The Gut? , about 30 minuets outside the Naval Air Station. The Gut was a moderate sized town that was lawfully called Catania. Because of the several blocks of legal brothels on one side of the chief avenue and the foul saloon scene on the next side, everyone justifiably called it? The Gut. ? Of class the armed forces called this the ruddy light territory. This meant military members were non allowed in this country due to the high hazard of apprehensions and the hatred the Italians had for the Americans in that country. The four of us figured that would be a good topographic point to get some more of these hideous sea narratives for ourselves. The closer we got to our finish, the more I saw tipped over trash tins and crooked stairss taking up to check and corrode stained howitzer of the several hundred twelvemonth old edifices. It felt like I was traveling back in clip to an old Gangster film. We got to our finish, Waxie O? Conners, an Irish saloon that seemed to bring forth more offense every dark. As we walked in, our eyes burnt from the clouds of coffin nail fume. We became the tourers as uninviting eyes looked at us as though we were castawaies. Soon we came to a tabular array in the center of the most crowded portion of the saloon. Our waitress took our order with a disapproving expression on her face. Apparently she understood English but would non take down herself to talk our linguistic communication except to state us how much lire we owed her. There were take downing slangs about Americans written on the wall in the bathroom, proposing that we weren? t welcome. Several hours went by as we ordered pitcher after hurler of the finest dark laager in the house. The more we drank, the more objectionable and brave we got. Finally we decided to venture out into the street and roll the back streets in hunt of some danger or merriment, whichever seemed more interesting at the clip. These ancient sett passageways stank of mold and ammonium hydroxide from the deficiency of a sufficient cloaca system. As we stumbled through the labyrinth of harlotry and broken beer bottles, we became amused at the wholly different lifestyle these people lived in. I liked to take images of all the different states I go to, so I thought exposure of this poorness and decay would be nice to hold on movie. I took images of everything from rummies passed out ( or possibly dead ) in puddles of their ain piss, to sets of granite stepss that led to dimly illuminated hovels. We began to do merriment of this station atomic war looking topographic point and talk in a arch manner toward people we saw moping and sidetracking about. None of us could understand their linguistic communication so we ignorantly thought they could non understa nd what we were stating. Most of the misss working on the street were either local Itali autonomic nervous systems or Africans that came over from across the Mediterranean Sea. We would state ill-mannered things to these cocottes who would near us anticipating us to pay 30,000 to 50,000 lire for their services. It was a good thing they didn? t understand much of what we commented on, or the state of affairs might hold gotten a batch worse. Jason and Cal decided to travel down a glooming back street in hunt of some services from an Italian miss. Casey and I continued to aimlessly roll around the Gut. One of the African Prostitutes approached Casey trusting for a small work as she rubbed against him seeking to convert him to travel inside one of the decaying edifices. I thought this would be a perfect Kodak? minute to add to the remainder of my colourful images. Equally shortly as the flash went away, this prostitute was no longer interested in Casey but alternatively diverted all her attending to me. I instantly regretted pressing the button on that camera. She closed the 10 pes spread between us in under two seconds, reached for me with her long inexpensive imperativeness on nails and screamed with her broken English? Why you snappa, Gim me da camera! ? I put the camera off in the inside pocket of my jacket as she had a steadfast clasp on my neckband with one manus and the other raised ready to strike. Casey told me? Jeb, interrupt her clasp and run. I? ll meet you at the van. ? All I could concentrate on was quieting her down and seeking to explicate that the image was merely f or merriment. She kept on reiterating those same words? Why you snappa? ? Almost instantly eight or so more cocottes came to her assistance and tried to acquire my camera as they feebly tugged at my jacket. I so looked up to see a circle around me in the center of the street with over 50 Italians gazing at me. Suddenly I remembered that Sicily is the Mafia capitol of the universe and I was in one of the most unsafe slums in Sicily. The fact that I aggravated everybody with my actions and my attitude did non give this rabble a pleasant feeling for my wellness. I was still captive on maintaining all the images I had taken so I reached in my pocket and opened up my camera so no light got in and ripped off the fresh part of the movie. She snatched it out of my custodies without hold and crushed it into the street with the heel of her scuffed and stained lime green pumps. All of the cocottes easy walked off cussing at us with such hatred I was still worried that they might assail. Casey and I struggled our manner through the ring of angry looker-ons. They pushed us and said phrases in Italian that I didn? t understand but knew they weren? t good. Once we got through the thicker portion of the crowd, we began to scamper back to the new wave. About half a twelve work forces in their 40? s began to trail us down. They stopped their chase after a twosome blocks though we continued to sprint past bars and other cesspits of harlotry towards our vehicle. We approached the new wave sweaty and out of breath. Casey got in the drivers place and we began to drive looking for Jason and Cal. Shortly after, we spotted them coggling down a side street go throughing a bottle of Bailey? s Irish Cream spirits to one another. I was opening the door to the new wave before we even came to a arrest to allow them in. I blurted a bid at them teaching them to acquire into the new wave fleetly. They knew something negative had merely happened so they didn? t inquiry my demand for them to be quick.. As we pulled off from the halt mark traveling on to the chief avenue, I heard a deafening knock on the rider side of the new wave. It was a beer bottle thrown from a few of the same work forces that hunted us before. The new wave so accelerated out into the route that we must go on to acquire back to the base. Merely seconds subsequently did a twosome more bottles strike the new wave along with a twosome of little objects, that I believed to be stones. We all of a sudden found ourselves traveling through brake lights and non giving to anyone who wanted to traverse our way. None of us were in any status to drive since we all drank that dark. It wasn? T until we got out of Catania that I felt safe from all that had happened. Now whenever I go to other states, I don? Ts take images in jeer of topographic points where people have no other pick but to populate in. Even when I? m snaping a garden or celebrated landmark, I hesitate, inquiring what the locals reaction will be. When you? re in another civilization the best manner to maintain safe is non publicizing you? re a tourer and accepting and following with their local imposts. I have been in the United States Navy since early 1997 and have acquired a book full of larning experiences. Sometimes you learn them the easy manner and other times you unluckily learn them the difficult manner. The 1s you learn the difficult manner will ever remind you non to mess up like that once more for fright the same unwanted consequence will go on. One thing I will neer make once more is ridicule or jeer at the manner other are forced to populate. 34d

Nutrition and Obesity Researchers Essay Example

Nutrition and Obesity Researchers Essay Nutrition and Obesity Researchers BY kellygur13636 Obesity and Ways to Overcome It 1 Obesity A. )What is Obesity? 1 . ) Too much body fat 2. ) BMI calculates this B. )What are the causes? 1 . ) Overeating/Fast food 2. ) Not enough exercise 3. ) Television advertisements 4. ) Genes C. )Physical effects 1 . ) Not attractive 2. ) Health problems a. ) Diabetes b. ) High blood pressure D. )Mental Effects 1 . ) Social discrimination 2. ) Bias due to media 3. ) Low self-esteem 4. ) Depression 5. ) Eating Disorders 6. ) Limitations E. )Prevention 1 . ) Limiting fast food and calorie intake 2. ) Read nutrition facts . Exercise F. )Conclusion 1 . ) Eating right and exercise is the key to being healthy 2. ) Websites that can help obesity Obesity is becoming a major issue in America today. More than one-third of the population is obese according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and nearly 112,000 people die each year from obesity-related illnesses (Adult Obesity Facts). Obesity is still on the rise and has been for years. Obesity can affect anyone regardless of age, race, or gender. THERE ARE MANY FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO OBESITY AND THESE CAN HAVE MANY NEGATIVE EFFECTS BUT REASEARCH HAS SHOWN THAT HEALTHLY EATING HABITS AND EXERCISE CAN HELP AN INDIVIDUAL LIMIT THESE EFFECTS. Obesity simply means having too much body fat. This usually happens when one takes in more calories than he can burn off. This causes extra body fat and over time measured with BMI: Body Mass Index (BMI) can be used to measure both overweight and obesity in adults. It is the measurement of choice for many obesity researchers and other health professionals. BMI is a direct calculation based on height and weight, and it is not gender-specific. Most health organizations and published information on verweight and its associated risk factors use BMI to measure and define overweight and obesity. BMI does not directly measure percent of body fat, but it provides a more accurate measure of overweight and obesity than relying on weight alone (How Obesity is Measured). A BMI of 18. 5 to 24. 9 is considered healthy for adults. A BMI of 25 to 29. 9 is considered overweight, while a BMI of 30 and above is considered obese. People with BMIs of 18. 5 or less are considered underweight (Weight Loss Diet Plans). Obesity can be caused by several things. We will write a custom essay sample on Nutrition and Obesity Researchers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nutrition and Obesity Researchers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nutrition and Obesity Researchers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Eating too many fatty foods and not xercising is one cause. Some people think that fast food is to blame for obesity. Fast food is so tasty, convenient, and inexpensive. The portion sizes are bigger than they should be with supersize and extra-large. According to McDonalds USA nutrition facts a big mac contains 550 calories, a large French fry contains 500 calories, and a large coke contains 310 calories. Thats a total of 1,360 calories for one meal which is more than half of the daily recommended amount of 2,000 calories (McDonalds USA Nutrition Facts for Popular Menu Items). Fast food advertisements are constantly shown on television. Advertisers spend so much money advertising messages for children and teens. In the book Obesity and the Media, Oconner states: According to a Kaiser Family Foundation study, the average American child watches more than forty thousand television commercials per year Most of these forty thousand ads are for candy, cereal, soda, and fast food ( Oconner 21). Its no wonder people choose fast food over healthy, home cooked meals. Genes can also cause obesity. The genes that could influence obesity are still being investigated. Freedman states: According to the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and prevention, several independent studies have reported that a gene referred to as an FTO(fat mass- and obesity-associated) gene might be responsible for up to 22 percent of all cases of common obesity in general population(Freedman 14). If a persons parents are obese, he is at risk of becoming obese. If both of a persons parents are obese, this risk doubles. Children tend to follow the eating habits of their parents. So if the parent is always eating fatty foods, the child follows because they think it is okay (How Parents Are Influencing Their Childrens Bad Eating Habits). In todays society Obesity is not attractive. Rarely do you see someone who is obese in movies or magazines because she is not physically attractive to most people. Not only does obesity affect someone on the outside, obesity can also cause many physical effects to ones health. Being overweight or obese can increase the likelihood of developing serious health problems including the following: type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, stroke, some types of cancer, gall bladder disease, osteoarthritis, respiratory problems, and sleep apnea (Overview of Obesity). the book The Mental and Physical Effects of Obesity, Jeri Freedman states: Ninety percent of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. Studies have shown a close relationship between obesity and type 2 diabetes. In the past, most cases of type 2 diabetes were diagnosed in middle-aged and elderly people. However, in numbers of preteens and teens have been diagnosed recent years, increasing with type 2 diabetes (22). This can make the lives of these people very difficult. A person with diabetes is supposed to follow a special diet, take medication, and constantly monitor the level of sugar in his blood. If this is not followed, it could cause other problems and could be fatal (22). High blood pressure, which can also be linked to obesity, is a serious condition that can lead to coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, kidney failure, and other health problems. In an online article titled High Blood Pressure and Obesity it says: Many medical studies have shown a relation between obesity and high blood pressure. In fact, obese people have a higher blood pressure than people with a normal blood pressure. The cardiovascular risk is increased with obesity (High Blood Pressure and Obesity). Its alarming to know that obesity can cause this many health problems. There are also many mental issues that are linked to obesity. Social discrimination is common among people who are obese. Obesity is looked down upon. People can learn to be biased from messages in the media. In the book Obesity Discrimination by Dale-Marie Bryan, he states: A 2002 study published in Research and Practice by Greenberg, Eastin ,Hofschire, Brownell and Lachlian, showed that in real life, one in four women is obese, but on television only three out of every one hundred women are portrayed as heavier. It also showed that men in real life are three times more likely to be large-sized than he men on television (27). With that said, people think that the world should be skinny, and try to live up to those standards. Discrimination can happen at school, work, and even within families. Sometimes children who are obese are ignored and made fun of by other children. This can cause low self-esteem. Low self-esteem can lead to depression. Freedman states: Depressed people often have low energy, which makes them less likely to get exercise and more likely to stay home and eat (33). Obesity can also lead to eating disorders because of the emphasis of being overweight. In an online article it states: High numbers of adolescent girls are reporting that they are dissatisfied with their bodies and are trying to lose weight in unhealthy ways, including skipping meals, fasting, and using tobacco. A smaller number of girls are even resorting to more extreme methods such as self-induced vomiting, diet pills, and laxative use. (Eating Disorders and Obesity). People who are obese cannot do some of things that people who arent obese can do. One example is, when going to an amusement park, there are weight limits on the rides, and the seats are made for smaller people. Someone who is obese cannot get n. Movie theaters, bathrooms, and restaurant booths are all made for smaller frames so being obese makes it hard to use these. A friend of mine, is considered obese. She is 25 years old, weighs 300 pounds and is 58. She has been obese since elementary school. I conducted a phone interview Being obese has affected me physically because its hard for me to do physical activities and I become out of breath and tire easily. Mentally, I often feel depressed because of my weight. Sometimes I feel that people look at me differently because of my weight and criticize me. I have been called fat and a whale numerous times by my peers. It is something that I struggle with every day. I havent had a serious relationship with a male and I believe that it is because of my weight. Guys Just dont seem to find me attractive. Both of my parents have passed away at a young age due to being obese. They both suffered from diabetes and high blood pressure. My mother was 45 when she died and my father was 47. This has opened my eyes and I have been trying to change my eating habits and exercise more. It is not easy though since I have been this way all my life. Being obese affects Katie in many ways. It is sad to hear how people treat her because of her weight. In my eyes, she is a great person, and I dont Judge her by her weight. I do try to encourage her to change her eating habits and exercise more frequently because I dont want her to lose her life because of her obesity. There are several ways that obesity can be prevented and treated. Limiting the amount of food, especially fast food, is a good way. Because fast food is so high in cholesterol and fat, limiting the amount eaten to no more than once per week can prevent someone from becoming overweight or obese. Reading the nutrition labels on foods being eaten is a good way to recognize how much fat and calories is in it. The FDA recommends that someone should choose foods that have fewer calories per serving and that are lower in saturated fat, cholesterol and sodium . The majority of calories someone eats should come from vegetables, milk, whole grains, fruit, and smaller amounts of meat. Portion control should be practiced (Using Nutrition Labels). Here are some suggestions from the FDA: Dont think of certain foods as off-limit, instead start by reducing the portion size of the unhealthy foods that you crave and add something healthy on to your plate. Use smaller plates, drink more water, and start implementing the plate model MyPlate enforced by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. When eating out, its a good idea to choose a starter like a delicious salad and then skip the supersized meal and order a normal sized meal instead. Healthy eating also means to eat slowly and make sure to chew your food properly for a better digestion. If you have a habit of eating in front of the TV or computer, its easy that you overeat. Make time to eat and dont rush it and enjoy your food without distractions (Eating Health can be easy). Exercising on a regular basis can help someone to stay fit and in shape by burning off excess calories. Bill Hendrick, a writer for WebMD Health News says, While frequent exercise is known to fght obesity and improve mental health, as little as 30 minutes of physical activity one or two days a week can have benefits. Exercise can improve someones mood because it causes the brain to release chemicals that can make someone more relaxed and less stressed out. It helps weight management and can even help someone to sleep better. (Hendrick). In the article Exercise and Physical Fitness it states that, Regular exercise is a critical part of staying healthy. People who are active live longer and feel better. Exercise can help you maintain a healthy weight. It can delay or prevent diabetes, physical activity at least five days per week. Examples include walking briskly, mowing the lawn, dancing, swimming for recreation or bicycling. Stretching and weight training can also strengthen your body and improve your fitness level (Exercise and Physical Fitness). Obesity is something that has been growing in America. With the harmful effects that come with it, many measures are taken to address it and treat it. It can be hard to lose weight and it doesnt happen overnight some people are taking steps to help it. Eating right and exercising is the key to being healthy and fit. A good way to measure BMI and determine if someone is overweight or obese is to visit cdc. gov and use the BMI tracker. There is a website available (www. myfitnesspal. com) that can track calorie intake and exercise. Many other websites are available to help overcome obesity. There are also groups someone can attend to get help, one example is weight watchers. Although obesity is still a major issue today people can get the help and take the steps needed to overcome it. Works Cited BMI Calculator Plus: Personalized BMI for Your Body Type and Metabolism. WebMD. WebMD, n. d. web. 28 NOV. 2012. Bryan, Dale-Marie. Obesity Discrimination. First ed. New York: Rosen Central, 2009. Print. Eating Healthy Can Be Easy. Food Pyramid. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. Exercise and Physical Fitness. U. S National Library of Medicine. U. S. National Library of Medicine, n. d. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. Freedman, Jeri. The Mental and Physical Effects of Obesity. First ed. New York: Rosen pub. , 2009. print. Hendrick, Bill. Even a Little Exercise Fights Obesity. WebMD. WebMD, n. d. Web. 08 NOV. 2012. High Blood Pressure and Obesity. Blood-pressure-hypertension. com. N. p. , n. d. web. NOV. 2012. How Is Obesity Measured? Annecollins. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 08 Nov. 2012. McAlpine, Katie. How Does Obesity Affect Your Life. Telephone interview. 08 Nov. 2012. McDonalds USA Nutrition Facts for Popular Menu Items. Nutrition. mcdonalds. com. N. p. , n. d. web. 28 NOV. 2012. Overview of Obesity. Summa Health System. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. Using the Nutrition Facts Label. Fda. gov. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. Wilkinson, Michelle. How Parents Are Influencing Their Childrens Bad Eating Habits. Dr Akilah El Celestial Healing Wellness Center. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Nov. 2012.